irb(main):008:0> user.valid?
User Exists (2.0ms) SELECT 1 AS one FROM "users" WHERE LOWER("users"."email") = LOWER('[email protected]') LIMIT 1
=> false
irb(main):009:0> user.invalid?
User Exists (0.6ms) SELECT 1 AS one FROM "users" WHERE LOWER("users"."email") = LOWER('[email protected]') LIMIT 1
=> true