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    <title>snailseason</title>
    <link>https://ruby-china.org/snailseason</link>
    <description/>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <item>
      <title>TypeError:wrong argument type nil (expected Regexp) Rails4 教程第 9 章</title>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;hi 大家好，我正在跟进 rail4 的教程 中文版的，卡在了第 9.2.2 章节，我在 stackoverflow 上也问了这个问题，可惜几个小时过去了 没有人回复。请高手帮忙看看，非常感谢！
stackover 链接：&lt;a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25909464/why-am-i-receiving-typeerror-wrong-argument-type-nil-expected-regexp" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25909464/why-am-i-receiving-typeerror-wrong-argument-type-nil-expected-regexp&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;github 代码： &lt;a href="https://github.com/Snailseason2014/Sample" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;https://github.com/Snailseason2014/Sample&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;报错情况：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight ruby"&gt;&lt;code&gt;  &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;Authentication&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;authorization&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;wrong&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;submitting&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;GET&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;request&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;Users&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="c1"&gt;#edit action &lt;/span&gt;
     &lt;span class="no"&gt;Failure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="no"&gt;Error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;specify&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;expect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;not_to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;match&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;full_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Edit user'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
     &lt;span class="no"&gt;TypeError&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
       &lt;span class="n"&gt;wrong&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;argument&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;type&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kp"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;expected&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;Regexp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
     &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# ./spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb:59:in `block (5 levels) in &amp;lt;top (required)&amp;gt;'&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="no"&gt;Finished&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mf"&gt;1.56&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;seconds&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="mi"&gt;64&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;examples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;failure&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;app/helpers/sessions_helper.rb&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight ruby"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;module&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;SessionsHelper&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;sign_in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;remember_token&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;new_remember_token&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;cookies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;permanent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:remember_token&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;remember_token&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;update_attribute&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:remember_token&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;encrypt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;remember_token&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="nb"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;current_user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;signed_in?&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="o"&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;current_user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;nil?&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;current_user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@current_user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;current_user&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;remember_token&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;encrypt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;cookies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:remember_token&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@currend_user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;||=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;find_by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;remember_token: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;remember_token&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;current_user?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;current_user&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;sign_out&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="nb"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;current_user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kp"&gt;nil&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;cookies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;delete&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:remember_token&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight ruby"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;require&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s1"&gt;'spec_helper'&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Authentication"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;subject&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;page&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"signin page"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;signin_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign in'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign in'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"signin"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;signin_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"with invalid information"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;click_button&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Sign in"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign in'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_selector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'div.alert.alert-error'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;text: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Invalid'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"after visiting another page"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;click_link&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Home"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should_not&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_selector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'div.alert.alter-error'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"with valid information"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;let&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;FactoryGirl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;create&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sign_in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Profile'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;href: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Settings'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class="ss"&gt;href: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;edit_user_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign out'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;href: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;signout_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should_not&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign in'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;href: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;signin_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"followed by signout"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;click_link&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Sign out"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign in'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"authorization"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"for non-signed-in users"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;let&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;FactoryGirl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;create&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"in the Users controller"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"visiting the edit page"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
                     &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;edit_user_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
                     &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign in'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"submitting to the update action"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;patch&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;user_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span class="n"&gt;specify&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;expect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;redirect_to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;signin_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"as wrong user"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;let&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;FactoryGirl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;create&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;let&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:wrong_user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;FactoryGirl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;create&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;email: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"wrong@example.com"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;sign_in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;no_capybara: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="kp"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

      &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"submitting a GET request to the Users#edit action"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;edit_user_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;wrong_user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;specify&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;expect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;not_to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;match&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;full_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Edit user'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;specify&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;expect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;redirect_to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;root_url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;

      &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"submitting a PATCH request to the Users#update action"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;patch&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;user_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;wrong_user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;specify&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;expect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;redirect_to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;root_url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;user_ontroller.rb&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight ruby"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;UsersController&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;ApplicationController&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="n"&gt;before_action&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;:signed_in_user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;only: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:edit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;:update&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="n"&gt;before_action&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;:correct_user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;span class="ss"&gt;only: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:edit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;:update&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;show&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;find&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;params&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;create&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user_params&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user.save&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;sign_in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;flash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:success&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"welcome motherfuckers"&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;redirect_to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;render&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s1"&gt;'new'&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;edit&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# @user = User.find(params[:id])&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;update&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# @user = User.find(params[:id])&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user.update_attributes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user_params&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;flash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:success&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Profile updated"&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;redirect_to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;render&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s1"&gt;'edit'&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="kp"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;user_params&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;params&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;require&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;permit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;:email&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;:password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:password_confirmation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="c1"&gt;# Before filters&lt;/span&gt;

    &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;signed_in_user&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;redirect_to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;signin_url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;notice: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Please sign in."&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;unless&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;signed_in?&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;correct_user&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;find&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;params&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="n"&gt;redirect_to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;root_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;unless&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;current_user?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;</description>
      <author>snailseason</author>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2014 22:38:57 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>https://ruby-china.org/topics/21600</link>
      <guid>https://ruby-china.org/topics/21600</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>在进行 rspec 测试时 出现了问题</title>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;hello 大家，我正在阅读 rails 4 的教程，在进行到第八章测试 authentication_pages 时，总是通不过，查了很多资料都不行，我也在 stackover 发了一篇帖子，帖子地址：&lt;a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25824363/testing-with-rspec-couldnt-get-over-it-any-one" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25824363/testing-with-rspec-couldnt-get-over-it-any-one&lt;/a&gt;   一晚上了没人回。呵呵，所以回到咱们中国社区这来看看，请高手帮我看看。以下时细节：&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight erb"&gt;&lt;code&gt;Snailwalkers-MacBook-Pro:sample_app snailwalker$ bundle exec rspec spec/
.................................FF.........

Failures:

  1) AuthenticationPages signin with valid information 
     Failure/Error: it { should have_link('Profile', href: user_path(user)) }
       expected #has_link?("Profile", {:href=&amp;gt;"/users/82"}) to return true, got false
     # ./spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb:31:in `block (4 levels) in &lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;top&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="err"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;required&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="err"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;'

  2) AuthenticationPages signin with valid information 
     Failure/Error: it { should have_link('Sign out', href: signout_path) }
       expected #has_link?("Sign out", {:href=&amp;gt;"/signout"}) to return true, got false
     # ./spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb:32:in `block (4 levels) in &lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;top&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="err"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;required&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="err"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;'

Finished in 0.92605 seconds
44 examples, 2 failures

Failed examples:

rspec ./spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb:31 # AuthenticationPages signin with valid information 
rspec ./spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb:32 # AuthenticationPages signin with valid information 

Randomized with seed 61227
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;app/views/users/new.html.erb&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight ruby"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sx"&gt;% provide(:title, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign up'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;h1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="no"&gt;Sign&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;up&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sr"&gt;/h1&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;div class="row"&amp;gt;
  &amp;lt;div class="span6 offset3"&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;%= form_for(@user) do |f| %&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;%= render 'shared/e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;rror_messages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="err"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

      &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sx"&gt;%= f.label :name %&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;%=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;text_field&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;:name&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

      &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sx"&gt;%= f.label :email %&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;%=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;text_field&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;:email&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

      &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sx"&gt;%= f.label :password %&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;%=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;password_field&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;:password&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

      &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sx"&gt;%= f.label :password_confirmation, "Confirmation" %&amp;gt;
      &amp;lt;%=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;password_field&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;:password_confirmation&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

      &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sx"&gt;%= f.submit "Create my account", class: "btn btn-large btn-primary" %&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;% end %&amp;gt;
  &amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;app/views/users/show.html.erb&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight ruby"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sx"&gt;%= @user.name %&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;%=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user.email&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sx"&gt;% provide(:title, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user.name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;div&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"row"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;aside&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"span4"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;section&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;h1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sx"&gt;%= @user.name %&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;%=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;gravatar_for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="vi"&gt;@user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sr"&gt;/h1&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;/se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sr"&gt;/aside&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;div&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;app/views/sessions/new.html.erb &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight ruby"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sx"&gt;% provide(:title, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Sign in"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;%&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;h1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="no"&gt;Sign&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sr"&gt;/h1&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;div class="row"&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;div class="span6 offset3"&amp;gt;
        &amp;lt;%= form_for(:session, url: sessions_path) do |f| %&amp;gt;
        &amp;lt;%= f.label :email %&amp;gt;
        &amp;lt;%= f.text_field :email %&amp;gt;

        &amp;lt;%= f.label :password %&amp;gt;
        &amp;lt;%= f.password_field :password %&amp;gt;
        &amp;lt;%= f.submit "Sign in", class: "btn btn-large btn-primary" %&amp;gt;
        &amp;lt;% end %&amp;gt;
        &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;New user? &amp;lt;%= link_to "Sign up now!", signup_path %&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sr"&gt;/div&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;div&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb file :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight ruby"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;require&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s1"&gt;'spec_helper'&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"AuthenticationPages"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;subject&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;page&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"signin page"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;signin_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign in'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign in'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"signin"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;visit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;signin_path&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"with invalid information"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;click_button&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Sign in"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign in'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_selector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'div.alert.alert-error'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;text: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Invalid'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

        &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"after visiting another page"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;click_link&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Home"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should_not&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_selector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'div.alert.alter-error'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;describe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"with valid information"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;let&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;FactoryGirl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;create&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;fill_in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Email"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;with: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;email&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;upcase&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;fill_in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Password"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;with: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;password&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class="n"&gt;click_button&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s2"&gt;"Sign in"&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Profile'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;href: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign out'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;href: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;signout_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class="n"&gt;it&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;should_not&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;have_link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Sign in'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ss"&gt;href: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;signin_path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;sessions_controllers.rb file.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre class="highlight ruby"&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;SessionsController&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;ApplicationController&lt;/span&gt;

  &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;

  &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;create&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="no"&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;find_by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;email: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;params&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:session&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:email&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;downcase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;authenticate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;params&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:session&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;][&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;redirect_to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;user&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;flash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nf"&gt;now&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ss"&gt;:error&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s1"&gt;'Invalid email/password combination'&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span class="n"&gt;render&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s1"&gt;'new'&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;

  &lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;destroy&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class="k"&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;</description>
      <author>snailseason</author>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Sep 2014 23:07:33 +0800</pubDate>
      <link>https://ruby-china.org/topics/21521</link>
      <guid>https://ruby-china.org/topics/21521</guid>
    </item>
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